[Inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the dorsomedial periaqueductal gray alleviates excessive defensive behaviors of mice with post-traumatic stress disorder].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of glutamatergic neurons in the dorsomedial periaqueductal grey (dmPAG) in regulating excessive defensive behaviors in mice with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to stereotactic injections of different recombinant adeno- associated viral vectors (rAAV2/9-CaMKII-mCherry, rAAV2/9-CaMKII-hM3Dq-mCherry and rAAV2/9-CaMKII-hM4Di-mCherry) into the bilateral dmPAG for chemogenetic activation or inhibition of the glutamatergic neurons, followed 2 weeks later by PTSD modeling by single prolonged stress. The looming test, response to whisker stimulation test and contextual fear conditioning (CFC) test were used to observe changes in defensive behaviors of the PTSD mice. The activity of glutamatergic neurons in the dmPAG were observed using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Compared with the control mice, the mouse models of PTSD showed a shortened latency of flights with increased time spent in the nest, response scores of defensive behaviors and freezing time (all P<0.01). Immunofluorescence staining revealed significantly increased c-fos-positive glutamatergic neurons in the dmPAG of PTSD mice with defensive behaviors. Activation of the glutamatergic neurons in the dmPAG (in PTSD hM3Dq group) did not cause significant changes in the latency of flights or time in nest but obviously increased response scores of defensive behaviors and freezing time of the mice, whereas inhibiting the glutamatergic neurons in the dmPAG (in PTSD hM4Di group) caused the reverse changes and obviously alleviated defensive behaviors in the PTSD mice (P<0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSION: Inhibiting the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the dmPAG can alleviate defensive behaviors in mice with PTSD.

Small extracellular vesicles facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps via the miR-375-3p/QKI axis.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the involvement of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in EMT and their contributions to CRSwNP has not been extensively investigated. METHODS: SEVs were isolated from nasal mucosa through ultracentrifugation. MicroRNA sequencing and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction were employed to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs carried by sEVs. Human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) were used to assess the EMT-inducing effect of sEVs/microRNAs. EMT-associated markers were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the target gene of miR-375-3p. MicroRNA mimic, lentiviral, and plasmid transduction were used for functional experiments. RESULTS: In line with the greater EMT status in eosinophilic CRSwNP (ENP), sEVs derived from ENP (ENP-sEVs) could induce EMT in hNECs. MiR-375-3p was elevated in ENP-sEVs compared to that in control and nonENP. MiR-375- 3p carried by ENP-sEVs facilitated EMT by directly targeting KH domain containing RNA binding (QKI) at seed sequences of 913-919, 1025-1033, and 2438-2444 in 3'-untranslated region. Inhibition of QKI by miR-375-3p overexpression promoted EMT, which could be reversed by restoration of QKI. Furthermore, the abundance of miR-375-3p in sEVs was closely correlated with the clinical symptom score and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-375-3p-enriched sEVs facilitated EMT by suppressing QKI in hNECs. The association of miR-375-3p with disease severity underscores its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for the innovative management of CRSwNP.

[Current status and reflection on molecular diagnosis of birth defects].

Birth defects are a major problem threatening the health of children in China. Genetic factors play a major role in birth defect etiology. Molecular diagnosis is the key means for screening, diagnosing, and preventing birth defects caused by genetic factors. How to carry out large-scale and cost-effective molecular diagnosis in clinical practice is a major challenge in the prevention and treatment of birth defects in China. This article reviews the current status of birth defects in China, the application of molecular diagnostic technology in birth defect prevention and control, and the challenges in promoting its use, to provide references for clinical practice in birth defect molecular diagnosis.

[Exosomes from ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial M1 polarization and promotes survival of H2O2-exposed PC12 cells by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential value of exosomes derived from rat ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs-exo) for repairing secondary spinal cord injury. METHODS: EMSCs-exo were obtained using ultracentrifugation from EMSCs isolated from rat nasal mucosa, identified by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blotting, and quantified using the BCA method. Neonatal rat microglia purified by differential attachment were induced with 100 µg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with 37.5 or 75 mg/L EMSCs-exo. PC12 cells were exposed to 400 µmol/L H2O2 and treated with EMSCs-exo at 37.5 or 75 mg/L. The protein and mRNA expressions of Arg1 and iNOS in the treated cells were determined with Western blotting and qRT- PCR, and the concentrations of IL- 6, IL-10, and IGF-1 in the supernatants were measured with ELISA. The viability and apoptosis of PC12 cells were detected using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The isolated rat EMSCs showed high expressions of nestin, CD44, CD105, and vimentin. The obtained EMSCs-exo had a typical cup-shaped structure under transmission electron microscope with an average particle size of 142 nm and positivity for CD63, CD81, and TSG101 but not vimentin. In LPS-treated microglia, EMSCs-exo treatment at 75 mg/L significantly increased Arg1 protein level and lowered iNOS protein expression (P < 0.05). EMSCs-exo treatment at 75 mg/L, as compared with the lower concentration at 37.5 mg/L, more strongly increased Arg1 mRNA expression and IGF-1 and IL-10 production and decreased iNOS mRNA expression and IL-6 production in LPS-induced microglia, and more effectively promoted cell survival and decreased apoptosis rate of H2O2-induced PC12 cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EMSCs-exo at 75 mg/L can effectively reduce the proportion of M1 microglia and alleviate neuronal apoptosis under oxidative stress to promote neuronal survival, suggesting its potential in controlling secondary spinal cord injury.

[Application effects of rehabilitation care decision-making scheme based on case management model in severe burn patients].

Objective: To explore the application effects of application of rehabilitation care decision-making scheme based on case management model in severe burn patients. Methods: The study was a non-randomized historical control study. Thirty patients who met the inclusion criteria and received routine rehabilitation nursing in the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University, hereinafter referred to as the hospital) from April 2021 to March 2022 were included in routine rehabilitation nursing group (26 males and 4 females, aged 48.50 (31.75, 56.25) years), and 30 patients who met the inclusion criteria and received case management rehabilitation nursing in the hospital from April 2022 to March 2023 were included in case management rehabilitation nursing group (22 males and 8 females, aged 46.00 (36.75, 55.25) years). The length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, total hospitalization day, and total hospitalization cost of the patients in two groups were recorded. At admission, convalescence, discharge, and 6 months after injury, the patients' life quality was evaluated by the concise burn specific health scale, the sleep quality was evaluated by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and the functional independence was evaluated by the functional independence rating scale. At convalescence, discharge, and 6 months after injury, the patients' scar status was evaluated by the Vancouver scar scale. At 6 months after injury, a third-party satisfaction questionnaire was used to investigate the efficacy satisfaction of patients. Results: The length of ICU stay and total hospitalization day of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group were both significantly shorter than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group (with Z values of -1.97 and -1.99, respectively, P<0.05), and the total hospitalization cost was less than that in routine rehabilitation nursing group (Z=-1.99, P<0.05). At discharge and 6 months after injury, the life quality scores of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group were significantly higher than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group (with t values of -3.19 and -4.43, respectively, P<0.05), while the sleep quality scores were significantly lower than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group (with Z values of -2.18 and -3.33, respectively, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in cognitive function scores of functional independence of patients between the 2 groups at admission, convalescence, discharge, and 6 months after injury (P>0.05). The exercise function scores and total scores of functional independence of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group at convalescence, discharge, and 6 months after injury were significantly higher than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group (with Z values of -4.37, -2.73, -4.10, -4.37, -2.64, and -4.06, respectively, P<0.05). The scar pigmentation scores of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group at 6 months after injury were significantly lower than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group (Z=-2.05, P<0.05), and the scar vascularity scores of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group at discharge and 6 months after injury in case management rehabilitation nursing group were significantly lower than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group (with Z values of -3.16 and -2.07, respectively, P<0.05). The scar pliability scores (with Z values of -3.16, -2.45, and -4.38, respectively, P<0.05), thickness scores (with Z values of -2.56, -2.35, and -4.70, respectively, P<0.05), and total scores (with Z values of -3.77, -3.04, and -3.13, respectively, P<0.05) of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group at convalescence, discharge, and 6 months after injury were significantly lower than those in routine rehabilitation nursing group. At 6 months after injury, the efficacy satisfaction scores of patients in case management rehabilitation nursing group were 4.00 (3.00, 4.25), which were significantly higher than 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) in routine rehabilitation nursing group (Z=-2.72, P<0.05). Conclusions: The implementation of rehabilitation care decision-making scheme based on case management model can optimize the cost efficiency, improve the effectiveness of clinical treatment, and enhance the life quality and satisfaction of the curative effect of severe burn patients.

[A comparative study of the curative effects between butterfly-shaped flap and propeller flap based on the dorsal branch of digital artery in repairing the wound in volar aspect of finger].

Objective: To compare the curative effects of butterfly-shaped flap based on the dorsal branch of digital artery (hereinafter referred to as butterfly-shaped flap) and propeller flap based on the dorsal branch of digital artery (hereinafter referred to as propeller flap) in repairing the wound in volar aspect of finger. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. From August 2018 to April 2022, 16 patients with finger palmar wounds admitted to Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and 7 patients with finger palmar wounds admitted to General Hospital of PLA Central Theater Command met the inclusion criteria, including 14 males and 9 females, aged 25 to 64 years. After debridement or resection of skin benign tumor, the wounds ranged from 0.5 cm×0.5 cm to 1.5 cm×1.5 cm. According to the different rotation axes of flap pedicle during wound repair, the patients were divided into butterfly-shaped flap group (8 cases) and propeller flap group (15 cases), and their wounds were repaired by butterfly-shaped flap (with area of 0.5 cm×0.5 cm-1.5 cm×1.3 cm) or propeller flap (with area of 0.7 cm×0.5 cm-1.5 cm×1.5 cm) , respectively. In propeller flap group, wounds in the donor sites were repaired by full-thickness skin grafts taken from the palms of wrists or the groin. The surgical time, postoperative complications, flap survival, and wound healing time of patients in the two groups were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test, Mann Whitney U test, or Fisher's exact probability test. Results: The surgical time and postoperative wound healing time of patients in butterfly-shaped flap group ((43±9) min and (13.1±0.8) d, respectively) were both significantly shorter than those in propeller flap group ((87±16) min and (16.7±4.6) d, respectively, with t values of -7.03 and -2.86, respectively, P<0.05). The postoperative flap survival and complications of patients between the two groups were both similar (P>0.05). Conclusions: For repairing the wound in volar aspect of finger, the butterfly-shaped flap has more advantages in comparison with the traditional propeller flap. The butterfly-shaped flap has a short surgical time and fast postoperative recovery, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

[Analysis of clinicopathological features of 68 cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma].

Objective: To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), and explore the diagnostic methods in order to improve the early diagnosis rate. Methods: In January 2019 to January 2022, the clinical features, auxiliary examination and immunohistochemical results of 68 cases of MPM were analyzed retrospectively. The pathogenic features, histopathological morphology and the expression of related antibodies including Calretinin (CR), D2-40 and WT-1 were summarized. Results: Among the 68 patients, 40 male (58.82%), 28 female (41.18%), male to female ratio was 1.43%, median age was 58 years old; 50% of patients in Dayao County, epithelial mesothelioma 59 cases (86.76%), occurred in right chest in 39 cases (57.35%), left chest in 25 cases (36.76%), and 4 cases in both sides (5.89%). The most common initial clinical manifestations were pleural effusion (95.59%), chest pain (36.75%), chest tightness and shortness of breath (30.88%). The main imaging findings were pleural effusion in 49 cases (98.00%) and pleural thickening in 46 cases (92.00%). MPM tumor cells often expressed Calretinin, CK5/6, WT1 and D2-40, while TTF-1, NapsinA and CEA, the main markers differentiated from lung adenocarcinoma were negative. Serum CYFRA21-1 and CEA have high value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pleural effusions. Conclusion: Diffuse MPM has diverse histological and cytological morphology, which needs to be differentiated from a variety of diseases. Correct diagnosis of diffuse MPM through immunohistochemistry requires the combined application of a group of Mesothelium related antibodies.

[Comparative study of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of asymptomatic anterosuperior acetabular labrum tears].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic value of ultrasound for asymptomatic anterosuperior acetabular labral tears (ALT). METHODS: From August 2018 to February 2020, a total of 64 asymptomatic volunteers (101 hips) were recruited to complete 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound examination. Among these asymptomatic volunteers, 31 were male and 33 were female, with the median age 35 (32, 39) years. Using 3.0T MRI findings as golden standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasound were calculated. RESULTS: The results showed the presence of unilateral or bilateral ALT in 33 (51.56%) asymptomatic vo-lunteers with a total of 47 hips (46.53%). Of the 37 asymptomatic volunteers with bilateral hip MRI examination, 14 had bilateral ALT and 8 had unilateral ALT. Of the 27 asymptomatic volunteers who underwent unilateral hip MRI, 11 had ALT. Of the 33 asymptomatic volunteers with labral tears, 11 were male and 22 were female, with 30 right hips and 17 left hips. The median age was 36 (33, 40) years in the ALT group and 34 (32, 38) years in the non-ALT group. There was no significant difference in age between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the asymptomatic population, the abnormal anterosuperior acetabular labrum manifestations on ultrasound were intra-labrum cleft in 26 cases, labral heterogeneous echogenicity in 25 cases, paralabral cysts in 2 cases, and labral focal hyperechoic area in 12 cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for ALT diagnosed by ultrasound were 73.53%, 67.16%, 53.19%, 83.33% and 69.31%, respectively. The cross- sectional area (CSA) of the anterosuperior acetabular labrum was 0.20 (0.15, 0.24) cm2 in this study. The labral median CSA of the ALT group and non-ALT group were 0.22 (0.17, 0.28) cm2 and 0.17 (0.14, 0.21) cm2, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The ALT are common findings in asymptomatic volunteers on MRI. Intra-labrum cleft and labral heterogeneous echogenicity are common ultrasonographic signs in asymptomatic volunteers with ALT. The labra were more swollen in the asymptomatic volunteers with ALT compared to those without ALT.

[Risk factors analysis of protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease].

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of protein energy wasting (PEW) in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Clinical data of 231 children with chronic kidney disease hospitalized in Beijing Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2018 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed to explore the incidence of PEW. According to the diagnostic criteria of CKDPEW, they were divided into a CKDPEW group and a non PEW group. The comparison between the groups was performed by independent-sample t test and Chi-squared test, and the risk factors were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression. Results: Among the 231 children, there were 138 males and 93 females, with a visiting age of 9.9 (7.9, 16.0) years; 6 cases were in stage 1, 14 cases in stage 2, 51 cases in stage 3, 36 cases in stage 4, and 124 cases in stage 5. A total of 30 children (13.0%) with CKD PEW were diagnosed at the age of 7. 1 (3.8, 13.2) years, including 1 case in stage 1, 1 case in stage 2, 5 cases in stage 3, 5 cases in stage 4, and 18 cases in stage 5. There were a total of 201 cases (87.0%) in the non PEW group, diagnosed at the age of 11.8 (8.5, 12.2) years, including 5 cases in stage 1, 13 cases in stage 2, 46 cases in stage 3, 31 cases in stage 4, and 106 cases in stage 5. The Chi-squared test and t test showed that the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, birth weight and carbon dioxide binding capacity of the CKD PEW group were lower than those of the non PEW group ((109±22) vs. (120±20) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), (72±19) vs. (79±16) mmHg, (2.9±0.5) vs. (3.2±0.6) kg, (17±4) vs. (19±4) mmol/L,t=2.85, 2.14, 0.67, 2.63, all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that carbon dioxide binding capacity and birth weight were independent protective factors of CKDPEW in children (OR=0.81 and 0.36, 95%CI=0.73-0.90 and 0.17-0.77, respectively; both P<0.01); the risk of PEW in CKD children decreased by 0.187 times for every 1 mmol/L increment in carbon dioxide binding capacity, and 0.638 times for every 1 kg increment in birth weight. Conclusions: The incidence of protein energy expenditure in children with chronic kidney disease is lower than that in the previous researches. PEW can appear in CKD 1-2 stage, and attention should be paid to it in the early stage of CKD in clinical practice. Low birth weight CKD children are susceptible to PEW, and actively correcting metabolic acidosis can reduce the risk of CKDPEW.

[Analysis of fast-growing culturable bacteria and pathogenic bacteria in the surface water of the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China].

Objective: To obtain the diversity and abundance of fast-growing bacteria in the surface water of the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China, different cultivation methods were employed. This study also aims to provide a reference for isolating bacterial samples from seawater sources and preventing marine-derived pathogens. Methods: Based on the principles of taxonomic design, surface seawater samples were collected from six locations along the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China in March, June, October, and December 2021. Then, bacterial enrichment was performed based on traditional cultivation methods for Salmonella, Vibrio, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinomycetes, and general marine bacteria. After that, bacterial species identification was conducted by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomic sequencing. Results: A total of 1 151 fast-growing cultivable bacteria belonging to 66 genera and 213 species were identified using five different culture protocols. In different cultivation protocols, Bacillus and Klebsiella demonstrated extensive discriminatory advantages and ranked among the top genera in terms of abundance. Protocol 1 had Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter as dominant genera. Pathogenic bacteria detected by protocol 1 included Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, with 37 and 29 strains respectively, while Salmonella enterica was uniquely detected with seven isolates. Proteus, Enterococcus, and Providencia were the dominant genera in protocol 2, and Proteus mirabilis was the most abundant pathogenic bacteria detected with 66 isolates. Vibrio cholerae was uniquely detected with six isolates at a higher abundance. Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter were the dominant genera in protocol 3, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most abundant pathogenic bacteria detected with 53 isolates, while Acinetobacter nosocomialis was uniquely detected with seven isolates. Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas were the dominant genera in protocol 4, and they showed advantages in isolating and cultivating Marine-derived Vibrio. Exiguobacterium, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus were the dominant genera in protocol 5. Bacillus cereus and Lactococcus lactis were the most abundant pathogenic bacteria detected with 20 and 15 isolates, respectively, while Lactococcus lactis was uniquely detected at higher abundance. Metagenomic sequencing showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly dominant with a gene abundance of 51.11%, followed by Alcanivorax sp. at 12.57%. Conclusion: The surface water of the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China exhibits a rich diversity of bacteria, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being highly abundant in the studied area. Different cultivation methods demonstrate distinct selective advantages in culturing bacterial genera and pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize cultivation conditions for specific marine bacteria.

[Effect of co-morbid chronic kidney disease on the accuracy of cardiac troponin levels for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of cardiac troponin (cTn) levels in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and explore a potential strategy for improving the diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data from patients with high-risk chest pain admitted in Zhujiang Hospital from January, 2018 to December, 2020, including 126 patients with and 272 patients without CKD, and 122 patients diagnosed to have AMI and 276 patients without AMI. The baseline clinical data of the patients and blood test results within 12 h after admission were collected. RESULTS: In patients without AMI, cTnT level was significantly higher in those with co-morbid CKD than in those without CKD (P < 0.001), and showed a moderate negative correlation with eGFR (rs=- 0.501, P < 0.001), while cTnI level did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.72). In patients with CKD, the optimal cutoff level was 0.177 µg/L for cTnT and 0.415 ng/mL for cTnI for diagnosis of AMI, for which cTnI had a higher specificity than cTnT. The diagnostic model combining both cTnT and cTnI levels [P=eY/(1+ eY), Y=6.928 (cTnT)-0.5 (cTnI)-1.491] had a higher AUC value than cTn level alone. CONCLUSION: In CKD patients, the cutoff level of cTn is increased for diagnosing AMI, and cTnI has a higher diagnostic specificity than cTnT. The combination of cTnT and cTnI levels may further improve diagnostic efficacy for AMI.

[Study on risk factors of abnormal pulmonary function among dust-exposed workers and prediction model].

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of abnormal pulmonary function in dust-exposed workers and establish the risk prediction model of abnormal pulmonary function. Methods: In April 2021, a total of 4255 dust exposed workers from 47 enterprises in 2020 were included in the study. logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of abnormal pulmonary function in dust-exposed workers, and the corresponding nomogram prediction model was established. The model was evaluated by ROC curve, Calibrationpolt and decision analysis curve. Results: logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.02~1.05, P<0.001) , physical examination type (OR=4.52, 95%CI=1.69~12.10, P=0.003) , dust type (Comparison with coal dust, Cement dust, OR=3.45, 95%CI=1.45~8.18, P=0.005, Silica dust (OR=2.25, 95%CI=1.01~5.03, P=0.049) , blood pressure (OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.22~2.18, P=0.001) , creatinine (OR=0.08, 95%CI=0.05~0.12, P<0.001) , daily exposure time (OR=1.06, 95%CI=1.10~1.12, P=0.034) and total dust concentration (OR=1.29, 95%CI=1.08~1.54, P=0.005) were the influencing factors of abnormal pulmonary function. The area under the ROC curve of risk prediction nomogram model was 0.764. The results of decision analysis curve showed that the nomogram model had reference value in the prevention and intervention of abnormal pulmonary function when the threshold probability exceeded 0.05. Conclusion: The accuracy ofthe nomogram model constructed by logistic regression werewell in predicting the risk of abnormal lung function of dust-exposed workers.

[Endoscopic resection of type D trigeminal schwannoma through nasal sinus approach].

Objective: To examine the feasibility and surgical approach of removing type D trigeminal schwannoma through nasal cavity and nasal sinus under endoscope. Methods: Eleven patients with trigeminal schwannoma who were treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from December 2014 to August 2021 were analyzed retrospectively in this study. There were 7 males and 4 females, aged (47.5±13.5) years (range: 12 to 64 years). The neoplasm involved the pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, ethmoidal sinus, sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinus, and middle cranial fossa. The size of tumors were between 1.6 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm and 5.7 cm×6.0 cm×6.0 cm. Under general anesthesia, the tumors were resected through the transpterygoid approach in 4 cases, through the prelacrimal recess approach in 4 cases, through the extended prelacrimal recess approach in 2 cases, and through the endoscopic medial maxillectomy approach in 1 case. The nasal endoscopy and imaging examination were conducted to detect whether neoplasm recurred or not, and the main clinical symptoms during follow-up. Results: All the surgical procedures were performed under endonasal endoscope, including Gross total resection in 10 patients. The tumor of a 12-year-old patient was not resected completely due to huge tumor size and limited operation space. One patient was accompanied by two other schwannomas located in the occipital region and the ipsilateral parotid gland region originating from the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve, both of which were removed concurrently. After tumor resection, the dura mater of middle cranial fossa was directly exposed in the nasal sinus in 2 cases, including 1 case accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid leakage which was reconstructed by a free mucosal flap obtained from the middle turbinate, the other case was packed by the autologous fat to protect the dura mater. The operation time was (M(IQR)) 180 (160) minutes (range: 120 to 485 minutes). No complications and deaths were observed. No recurrence was observed in the 10 patients with total tumor resection during a 58 (68) months' (range: 10 to 90 months) follow-up. No obvious change was observed in the facial appearance of all patients during the follow-up. Conclusion: Type D trigeminal schwannoma involving pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa can be removed safely through purely endoscopic endonasal approach by selecting the appropriate approach according to the size and involvement of the tumor.

Preliminary Extracellular Vesicle Profiling in Drainage Fluid After Neck Dissection in OSCC.

Lymph node metastasis is related to poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and few studies have explored the relevance of postoperative drainage fluid (PDF) in metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles that can transfer oncogenic molecules to regulate tumorigenesis. However, the proteomic profile of postoperative drainage fluid-derived EVs (PDF-EVs) in OSCC has not been elucidated. Herein, we collected drainage fluid from OSCC patients after neck dissection to investigate the difference in PDF-EVs between patients with metastatic lymph nodes (the LN+ group) and nonmetastatic lymph nodes (the LN- group). The proteomic profile of PDF-EVs from the LN+ and LN- groups was compared using label-free liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry-based protein quantification. The results revealed that PDF-EVs were mainly derived from epithelial cells and immune cells. A total of 2,134 proteins in the PDF-EVs were identified, and 313 were differentially expressed between the LN+ and LN- groups. Metabolic proteins, such as EHD2 and CAVIN1, were expressed at higher levels in the LN+ group than in the LN- group, and the levels of EHD2 and CAVIN1 in the postoperative drainage fluid were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Our study revealed previously undocumented postoperative drainage fluid-associated proteins in patients with metastatic OSCC, providing a starting point for understanding their role in metastatic and nonmetastatic OSCC.

[Advances of nanomaterials applied in ophthalmic treatment].

Nanomaterials have been used in many aspects of ophthalmic treatment. By emphasizing the ubiquitous characteristics of nanoparticles and composites, we first explained their relatively mature applications in drug delivery. Then we reviewed the research on nanomaterials in regenerative medicine and gene therapy in recent years. We also discussed the main limitations of the wider application of nanomaterials in ophthalmology: stability, biotoxicity and preclinical-clinical differences. The development of efficient and non-toxic nanomaterials, combined with appropriate transportation systems and application occasions, will provide more possibilities for the future application of nanomaterials in ophthalmic treatments.

[Advance in pathogenesis of oligodendrocytes-associated autism spectrum disorder].

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental impairment of children. Because of its difficulty of early diagnosis, length of disease course, irreversible injury and slim chance of curability, it brings heavy burdens to patients, their families and the whole society. Recent studies have shown that the pathogenic mechanism of ASD is closely related to the abnormal myelination caused by the imbalance of differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of oligodendroglial lineage cells. This article will review on the role of oligodendroglial lineage cells in myelination and the mechanisms of ASD caused by improper differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of oligodendroglial lineage cells, according to advanced researches. Oligodendrocytes play vital roles in neurodevelopment, and the defect in these cells has been recognized as one of the key pathogenic mechanisms leading to ASD. Elucidating the effects and disciplines which oligodendrocytes exert on the occurrence and development of ASD would provide guidance for precise prevention and control of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.